Parkinson’s Disease (PD) Medications
One of the hallmark challenges in Parkinson’s disease is the gradual loss of dopamine — a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in controlling movement. As dopamine levels drop, motor symptoms like tremors, rigidity, and slowness (bradykinesia) of movement emerge. That’s why many Parkinson’s medications are designed to either boost dopamine levels or mimic its effects to help restore smoother, more controlled movement.
Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet, Rytary): The gold standard for treating symptoms like tremors, stiffness, and slow movements. The Levodopa is converted to dopamine in the brain, Carbidopa inhibits peripheral breakdown of levodopa, increasing availability in the brain. It's best taken on an empty stomach because protein can block its absorption. Common side effects include nausea, dizziness and orthostatic hypotension.
Dopamine Agonists (Mirapex, Requip): These stimulates dopamine receptors directly mimicking effects of dopamine in the brain and are often used early in the disease to delay the need for Levodopa. They may cause nausea, sleepiness and sometimes impulse control disorders.
MAO-B Inhibitors (Azilect, Eldepryl): Help preserve dopamine in the brain. Side effects include nausea, sleep problems and orthostatic hypotension.
COMT Inhibitors (Comtan, Tasmar): Extends the effect of Levodopa. This can be used in adjunct to Sinemet to manage “wearing off” symptoms.
Amantadine (Symmetrel, Gocovri): These increase dopamine release and inhibit the reuptake of dopamine. Often used to help with mild symptoms and reduces involuntary movements in later stages.
Anticholinergics (Artane, Cogentin): These block acetylcholine receptors, reducing tremors and muscle rigidity. Used for tremor, especially in younger adults.
Adenosine Receptor Agonist (Nourianz): These enhance dopamine activity and can be use in adjunct to Sinemet to decrease “off” periods.
Parkinson’s medications can help improve symptoms and daily function, but finding the right one and the right dose may take time. Always talk with your doctor about your options, and consult them before starting or changing any treatment to ensure it’s safe and effective.